WOAH 93rd General Session: its relevance for Africa.

The panel discussion was attended by H.E. Sidi Tiémoko Touré (him), Minister of Animal and Fisheries Resources of the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire and Hon. Lt. Col (Rtd) Bright Rwamirama, Minister of State for Animal Industry of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) of Uganda (him). Highlights of this panel discussion were that e.g. Cote d’Ivoire incurs an estimated loss of about USD 45 million due to zoonotic diseases such as rabies, significantly impacting its economy. Uganda’s Minister Bright Rwamirama emphasised the strengthened East African Community (EAC) collaboration, including preventive investments such as the annual FMD vaccination, following major livestock losses in recent years. Ms Anne Mottet of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) reiterated that her organisation supports sustainable animal health systems through long-term financing, often in partnership with development banks, to enhance countries’ Veterinary Services, disease control, and resilient livestock value chains.

This session examined sustainable financing approaches for Veterinary Services and explored how Governments, Veterinary Authorities, development partners and the private sector can work together to mobilise greater investment in animal health. The discussion highlighted that animal health is a public good and a strategic investment that contributes directly to agricultural productivity, economic growth, food security, trade, livelihoods and resilience.

The panel discussion was attended by line-Ministers from Botswana and Madagascar, the former of whom, Minister of Lands and Agriculture Dr Edwin Dikoloti, pointed out  that his country currently faces major animal health challenges due to FMD outbreaks in a non-vaccination area, resulting in severe market disruptions, economic vulnerability, restrictions on livestock movement, loss of livelihoods for over 100,000 people, and significant setbacks in breeding programmes and in accessing export markets. On his end, the Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of Madagascar, Mr. Rakotoarisolo Suzelin Ratohiarijaona  highlighted the need for more well-trained veterinarians, strengthened epidemiological capacity, and regional support, including collaboration with Mauritius (Member country) and Mayotte (Member territory), as well as twinning programmes to develop expertise in areas such as livestock reproduction and breeding across the region.

Panelists emphasised that the principal challenge is often not the absence of financial resources, but rather the need for stronger governance, clearer investment priorities and financing mechanisms capable of attracting both public and private capital.

The presentation of the Technical Item by the Rapporteur, Dr Franck C.J. Berthe, Senior Agriculture Specialist at the World Bank, set the foundation for the Animal Health Forum discussions, highlighting the systemic underinvestment in animal health and the need for a fundamental shift in how Veterinary Services are financed and positioned within global development agendas. The Technical Item was developed through a collective and consultative process, bringing together contributions from a wide range of experts and stakeholders, and resulting in an analytical framework supported by practical examples, tools and partnership models.

Dr Berthe underscored the critical importance of the livestock and aquatic animal sectors, which represent a multi‑trillion-dollar global system and sustain the livelihoods of over 1.3 billion people worldwide. Despite this, investment in Veterinary Services remains disproportionately low, with countries allocating only a minimal share of national resources—estimated at approximately 0.05% of agricultural GDP—to protect a sector central to food security, economic stability and global health. He further highlighted the substantial economic burden of animal diseases, estimated at USD 300 billion annually, emphasising that this imbalance reflects not only a financing gap, but a broader governance failure, characterized by cycles of underinvestment, crisis response and neglect. While strong technical evidence already exists to justify increased investment, the key challenge lies in translating this evidence into political commitment, strategic planning and sustainable financing decisions.

Central to the presentation was a call for a reframing of animal health financing, moving away from a one‑size‑fits‑all public funding approach toward a more nuanced model based on the nature of the benefits generated. Animal health services were described as spanning a continuum—from private goods, which primarily benefit individual producers, to national and global public goods, such as surveillance, disease control and pandemic prevention.

In this context, the Technical Item proposes a diversified financing framework, whereby:

• Public funding is prioritised for core public goods, including surveillance, preparedness and control of highly transmissible diseases;
• Private investment is mobilised for commercially viable services that directly benefit producers and value chains;
• Blended finance mechanisms are used to bridge gaps, de-risk investment and attract private capital, particularly in contexts where markets alone are insufficient.

The discussion also highlighted the importance of results-based financing approaches, which link funding to verified outcomes, and the need for enabling regulatory environments to build confidence and attract investment.

Strengthening Veterinary Authorities was identified as essential, with a focus on governance, coordination, accountability and long-term strategic planning, alongside efforts to make animal health systems more bankable and investable through stronger engagement with financial actors.

The Technical Item further outlined a set of key strategic recommendations to support this transition. These include:

• Differentiating financing approaches based on whether services generate private, national or global public benefits;
• Strengthening Veterinary Authorities as central stewards of animal health systems, including their governance, planning and oversight capacities;
• Scaling up blended finance mechanisms to mobilise private-sector investment and complement public funding;
• Expanding results-based financing approaches to enhance accountability and performance;
• Creating enabling regulatory environments to facilitate private-sector participation and innovation.

Overall, the presentation emphasised that addressing current challenges requires not incremental adjustments, but a systemic and urgent transformation in how animal health is financed and governed today. The Rapporteur concluded by calling for a collective commitment to recognise animal health as a strategic investment, essential for food systems, economic resilience and global health security, and to translate this recognition into concrete policy and financing decisions.

In the bilateral discussion that followed with the President of the World Assembly, Dr Susana Pombo, Dr Berthe described the extensive preparatory work undertaken for this Technical Item. The process included consultations and interviews with stakeholders from multiple sectors in order to collect practical experiences and identify barriers to sustainable financing. He explained that these consultations were intended to bring real-world perspectives into the discussion and better understand how financing gaps could be addressed in different contexts.

Dr. Susana Pombo noted that there is no single model applicable to all Members. Implementation approaches must reflect national circumstances, capacities and priorities. She encouraged Members to consider how the recommendations could be adapted to their own contexts and financing environments.

Dr. Franck Berthe further stressed that progress cannot be achieved solely through increased budgets. Indeed, sustainable improvements require:

• Strong leadership;
• Strategic vision;
• Effective management;
• Clear priorities; and a
• Coherent implementation roadmap.

He emphasised that countries need a genuine strategic framework to guide investments and reforms rather than relying exclusively on incremental budget increases.

The full report of the Technical Item is available here : gs93-2026-wd-tech-01-en.pdf

Moderated by Dr Mariana Marrana (WOAH), this panel brought together senior representatives from Chad, Denmark, France, India, Kazakhstan, Uruguay and WOAH to illustrate how the principles outlined in the Technical Item are being translated into practice across diverse national contexts.

The discussion highlighted the value of broad stakeholder engagement in shaping the Technical Item, with contributions from governments, Veterinary Authorities, development partners and the private sector ensuring that recommendations are grounded in operational realities. Panelists emphasised the need to address fragmentation across the animal health ecosystem, noting that stronger coordination is essential to align priorities, improve resource use and support integrated approaches to animal health financing and service delivery.

A recurring theme was the challenge of translating technical evidence into policy and investment decisions. While economic and epidemiological data are increasingly available, panelists underscored the importance of strengthening advocacy, clearly demonstrating return on investment, and linking evidence to concrete financing decisions.

Country experiences demonstrated a range of financing approaches, including public-private partnerships (PPP), levy systems and co-financing mechanisms, all underpinned by strong governance, clear institutional roles and shared responsibility across stakeholders. At the same time, operational challenges remain, particularly in low-resource settings. The intervention from Chad by the WOAH Delegate from Chad, Dr Ghislaine Mbeurnodji Singambaye, highlighted constraints related to livestock mobility, limited access to remote areas, and human resource gaps, underscoring the importance of community-based approaches and strengthened workforce capacity within a One Health framework.

Overall, the panel reaffirmed that sustainable financing of Veterinary Services depends not only on resource mobilisation, but also on effective coordination, institutional capacity and the ability to translate evidence into action, positioning animal health as a strategic investment for resilient food systems and livelihoods.

Moderated by Ms. Nada Essawy (WOAH), this panel brought together representatives from Namibia’s Livestock and Livestock Products Board (represented by Dr Anja Boshoff, Executive for Quality Assurance), Indonesia’s Directorate of Animal Health, Chile’s aquaculture health authority, and the European Commission (DG SANTE) to examine the economic consequences of animal diseases and identify sustainable financing approaches for Veterinary Services.

The discussion reaffirmed that animal diseases have significant negative impacts on livestock productivity, agricultural revenues, trade and market access, with outbreaks generating substantial losses across value chains and, in some cases, affecting broader national economic performance. Panelists emphasised that delayed or insufficient investment in prevention and preparedness often results in far higher response costs, underscoring the need for more strategic and forward-looking investment approaches.

A key message of the panel was that animal health should be viewed not as a cost, but as a strategic investment in economic development, resilience and food security. Strengthened Veterinary Services were recognised as critical to improving productivity, increasing incomes, enhancing market opportunities and supporting sustainable agricultural value chains.

The panel highlighted the importance of diversified and sustainable financing models, noting that reliance on public budgets alone is insufficient. Public financing can play a catalytic role, helping to de-risk investments and create conditions that encourage private-sector engagement. In this context, panelists discussed the potential of blended finance mechanisms to mobilise additional resources, alongside approaches such as results-based financing, which can strengthen accountability and improve performance monitoring.

A central theme was the need to expand private-sector participation in animal health systems. Panelists noted that opportunities exist in areas such as service delivery, infrastructure and innovation, but that market failures and regulatory constraints often limit investment. Addressing these barriers and using public resources strategically to leverage private capital were identified as key priorities, while maintaining the central role of governments in overseeing core veterinary functions.

The discussion also underscored the importance of strong governance and institutional capacity, particularly the role of Veterinary Authorities as stewards of national animal health systems. Strengthening leadership, strategic planning, coordination and accountability mechanisms was identified as essential to ensure that available resources are effectively managed and aligned with national priorities.

Overall, the panel concluded that sustainable financing of animal health systems depends not only on mobilizing additional resources, but also on aligning financing models, governance frameworks and institutional capacity, ensuring that investments are effectively translated into improved outcomes for agriculture, livelihoods and economic resilience.

Moderated by Dr. Morgan Jeannin (WOAH), this panel brought together representatives from Ireland’s Veterinary Authority, Egypt’s Veterinary Services, the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI, represented by Dr Musa Mulongo, Senior Scientist), and WOAH Collaborating Centres for animal health economics in the Americas and Europe to explore how economic evidence can better inform policy decisions and strengthen investment in animal health.

The discussion emphasised that while substantial evidence exists demonstrating the economic benefits of animal health interventions, a persistent gap remains between research outputs and policy uptake. Panelists noted that translating technical and economic data into actionable policies requires not only robust analysis but also clear communication, strong advocacy and alignment with national development priorities.

Examples from disease control programmes highlighted that investments in animal health can deliver significant returns, including reduced production losses, improved productivity and enhanced trade opportunities. However, panelists stressed that evidence alone is insufficient to drive change, and must be complemented by efforts to build compelling investment cases that resonate with policymakers, particularly finance ministries.

A key theme was the importance of understanding incentives and behaviour across stakeholders, including farmers, governments and the private sector. Effective disease control and system strengthening depend on aligning these incentives to support adoption of preventive measures, compliance with regulations and sustained investment.

The panel also highlighted the need to improve data systems and analytical capacity, enabling more accurate measurement of disease burden, productivity gains and economic outcomes. Strengthening the link between research institutions and decision-makers was identified as essential to ensure that evidence is used to inform planning, budgeting and policy implementation.

Overall, the session underscored that bridging the gap between research and policy requires a combination of credible economic evidence, effective communication and institutional mechanisms that translate knowledge into decisions, positioning animal health as a strategic investment for economic development, food security and resilient livelihoods.

Moderated by Dr. Rahul Srivastava (WOAH), this panel brought together representatives from government, industry and international organisations, including Australia, India, Oman,Tanzania (the WOAH Delegate from Tanzania, Dr Benezeth Lutege Malinda), and the World Bank, to explore approaches to co‑investment and equitable cost sharing across livestock value chains.

The discussion emphasised that effective animal health systems depend on shared responsibility among all stakeholders, reflecting the distribution of benefits across producers, processors, traders and consumers. Panelists highlighted that co‑investment models — including cost‑sharing frameworks, industry levies and partnership agreements — can strengthen ownership, improve sustainability and ensure more equitable distribution of both costs and benefits.

Experiences presented during the session illustrated how public‑private partnerships and co‑financing mechanisms can be successfully implemented when supported by clear legal frameworks, strong governance and mutual trust among stakeholders. The importance of predictable and transparent arrangements was underscored as a key factor in encouraging participation and sustaining long-term collaboration.

The panel also noted that financing systems must be carefully designed to avoid unintended incentives, particularly where compensation or subsidy mechanisms may influence behaviour in ways that undermine disease control objectives. In this context, regular review and adaptation of financing instruments were identified as essential to maintain effectiveness and fairness.

Overall, the session highlighted that equitable sharing of costs and benefits is central to building sustainable animal health systems, and that well‑designed co‑investment approaches can enhance both financial resilience and accountability across livestock value chains.

Moderated by Mariana Marrana (WOAH), this panel brought together representatives from Kenya’s Veterinary Services (the WOAH Delegate of Kenya, Dr Allan Azegele), Heifer International, the NITARA dairy technology platform (India), the World Bank Group, and the Hunland Group to explore how innovation and digitalisation can strengthen animal health systems and reduce investment risks. The discussion highlighted the growing role of both high-tech and low-tech innovations in expanding access to animal health services, improving efficiency and enhancing decision-making across value chains. Panelists emphasised that digital tools — including data platforms, traceability systems, and real-time monitoring technologies — can support early disease detection, improve animal welfare and increase productivity.

A key message was that digitalisation can significantly de-risk investments by reducing uncertainty, improving transparency and generating reliable data to inform both public and private decision-making. Examples presented during the session illustrated how technology can enable better tracking of animal health, automate data collection, and support more efficient service delivery models, including those targeting smallholder farmers.

The panel also underscored the importance of enabling environments for innovation, including appropriate policy and regulatory frameworks, digital infrastructure and capacity building. Veterinary Authorities were recognised as playing a central role in establishing trust, validating technologies and integrating digital tools into routine service delivery.

At the same time, the discussion highlighted the importance of inclusive and locally adapted approaches, particularly in low-resource settings. Community-based models, supported by digital solutions and partnerships with local actors, were identified as critical for extending services to underserved areas and ensuring adoption at the field level.

A recurring theme was the importance of partnerships and coordinated action to scale innovation. Public-private collaboration, along with engagement between research institutions, development partners and industry, was seen as essential to move solutions from pilot stages to large-scale implementation.

Overall, the panel concluded that innovation and digitalisation are key enablers of more resilient, efficient and investable animal health systems, provided they are supported by strong governance, inclusive delivery models and deliberate efforts to scale through partnership and coordination.

Dr. William ‘Billy’ Karesh, Chairman of the Wildlife Working Group (WWG), presented an overview of the Working Group’s activities since the previous General Session. The new African member of the ten member Working Group is Dr Francis Gakuya (Kenya). The other member is Prof. Mwansa Songe (Zambia).

The Chairman of the WWG emphasised the strong collaboration with the various WOAH Specialist Commissions and advocated for (terrestrial) wildlife health to become fully integrated into the Terrestrial Code. He also requested clarification on the placement and treatment of marine mammals within WOAH standards, highlighting emerging risks, including High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) infections in wild marine mammals demonstrating cross-species transmission risks. Example: Rabies detected in seals in South Africa.

Collaboration with International Partners aims to strengthen partnerships in improving the global coordination on wildlife health and conservation. This applies to:

• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
• CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)
• WDA (Wildlife Disease Association) – Signing of a MoU to take place during this General Session.
• CMS (Convention on Migratory Species)

Dr Karesh then presented the revised Wildlife Health Strategy (2026–2030) and confirmed its alignment with the WOAH 8^th Strategic Plan, with focus areas including sstrengthening surveillance and reporting systems, enhancing global preparedness for emerging diseases and expanding technical capacity and collaboration.

The review of Veterinary Legislation from the wildlife angle has been commissioned and recommends to strengthen national legal frameworks for wildlife health with the development of specific provisions within Veterinary Services, but also within Aquatic Animal Health Services and in the Aquatic Animal Health Code.

Further topics tackled were the new training cycles for Focal Points, which increasingly rely on WOAH Collaborating Centres, with the aim to enhance reporting systems, increase training opportunities and improve communication and information sharing. He also addressed the toxic impacts of lead ammunition on wildlife and ecosystems; indeed, lead poisoning poses serious environmental and public health risks. The European Union and 132 Members are, under the CMS, committed to phasing out lead hunting ammunition within 3 years.

The Delegate from Senegal, Dr Mbargou Lô, emphasised the importance of wildlife Focal Point training by strengthening reporting systems, by highlighting the WOAH e-learning tools to improve expertise. The presentation concluded with a strong commitment to work together under WOAH coordination, reinforcing the collective responsibility to safeguard animal, human, and environmental health.

The Antimicrobial Resistance Working Group Chair, Dr Arshnee Moodley presented an overview of the activities and strategic priorities from 2025.

A Global Survey on the WOAH List of antimicrobial agents of veterinary importance reported high awareness of the WOAH list, however the Technical Reference Documents (TRDs) were less known. The report recognised the need to develop more species-specific technical reference documents for other animals. Reference to use of antimicrobials for animal productivity has been discontinued to avert the confusion of linking antimicrobials to growth promotion.

Members were informed of future Vet AWaRe List that will provide new categorisation criteria to guide use of veterinary antimicrobials and the upcoming article on alternatives to antimicrobials.

Underscoring the relevance of addressing substandard and falsified veterinary products, WOAH’s TruVet system was launched this week and members encouraged to join the platform and urged to participate in upcoming webinars on 3 June 2026.

Linking WOAH’s work to the 2024 UN Political Declaration on AMR, stronger responsibility and accountability was required of the animal health sector led by Veterinary Services’ implementation of AMR National Action Plans (NAP)

Members were notified about the changes in releasing the WOAH annual AMU report.  This year’s AMU preliminary findings are  included in the State of the World’s Animal Health report and from 2026 the annual full report will be released during the World AMR Awareness Week (WAAW).

Nigeria, Ghana, and Sri Lanka were recognised for developing national AMU reports following WOAH training. At the same time, the declining number of reporting Members was also noted. Nigeria thanked WOAH for recognizing its AMR efforts and expressed national commitment to continue with the work.

WOAH’s work on prioritizing animal diseases for which vaccines could reduce antimicrobial use was highlighted. A phased approach will focus on poultry, pigs, and fish.

WOAH’s five-year AMR vision for 2026–2030, with a focus on prevention, surveillance, sustainable financing, and cross-sectoral collaboration was presented.

The Independent Panel for Evidence for Action Against AMR and the updated Global Action Plan on AMR for 2026–2036 were spotlighted and the updated Global Action Plan (Resolution 18) was adopted by consensus.

Members were encouraged to engage in the standard making process and were made aware of the Scientific and Technical Review on AMR issue.

The President of the Commission, Dr Alicia Gallardo (Chile) presented the work of the Commission during the first term of the renewed Commission (since May 2025), followed by the presentation of draft standards for both the Aquatic Code and Manual. The African Member of the Commission is Dr Kevin Christison (South Africa). The details of the report are available here

Dr Gallardo started jokingly suggesting that following the report of the WOAH wildlife working group, mentioning the rabies outbreak in Cape fur seals in South Africa in 2024, aquatic mammals should be added to the Aquatic Cde and Manual. She took a few minutes to discuss a new emerging disease, Covert Mortality Noda Virus (CMNV) infecting whiteleg shrimp which has been a major threat to the monoculture shrimp industry of long standing. However, in a novel example of zoonosis, it has become the cause of an emerging eye disease in people, i.e. persistent ocular hypertensive viral anterior uveitis (POH-VAU), a new type of uveitis. It has therefore become an emerging public health concern and should be reported to WOAH when diagnosed in shrimp.

The President then swiftly moved through a limited number of new and draft Chapters, in addition to the few Chapters and standards handled by other Commissions, to which the Aquatic Commission contributed, such as prudent use of antimicrobials.

• Glossary definition for ‘Ornamental aquatic animal’. This Glossary definition clarifies the distinction between ornamental aquatic animals that are kept as pets and those that are traded commercially for sale as pets. The definition has been revised to align with the wording proposed in the February 2025 report. This updated definition is also consistent with the decision made in the September 2025 report, which concluded that aquatic animals kept as pets pose no significant risk for disease transmission and therefore should not be included within the scope of the definition. The new definition was adopted unanimously.
• Chapter 4.7. ‘Fallowing in aquaculture’ was reviewed and revised to align with new draft Chapters 4.10. ‘Emergency disease preparedness’ and 4.11. ‘Disease outbreak management’ adopted at the 92^nd General Session in 2025. After objections from the United States, minor amendments were agreed to and the Chapter was adopted, with the support of Cote d’Ivoire, on behalf of the 54 Members of the African Union, which are also Members of WOAH. Dr Vessaly Kallo, the WOAH Delegate of Cote d’Ivoire, also took the opportunity to advocate – on behalf of the Africa Members – for the inclusion of vaccination and vaccines for aquatic species in the WOAH standards, starting with the Aquatic Manual. This was noted and accepted by the Deputy-Director General for Standard Setting and Implementation, Dr Montserrat Arroyo.
• Next up was the Chapter on Crayfish plague or infection with Aphanomyces astaci. The revised Article 9.2.2. of Chapter 9.2. includes additional susceptible species. For Austropotamobius torrentium the evidence was found sufficient to have a score of 1, and the Commission agreed it would be susceptible. The Commission further proposed that Article 1.5.9. would be applied to Austropotamobius and it would be listed at the Genus level.
• Infection with Gyrodactylus salaris (Articles 10.3.5. and 10.3.6. of Chapter 10.3.) was revised to enhance clarity on the use of targeted surveillance (TS) and passive surveillance to achieve declaration of freedom from Gyrodactylus salaris. Also, taking into account the disease specific biological, ecological, and production related factors of salaris that reduce the annual likelihood of detection, the Commission concluded that a longer observation period of 15 years is scientifically justified to achieve ≥95% confidence of freedom. The so-called Quad’s alliance (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) voiced their support for the amendments and the revised sections were adopted by consensus.
• A similar amendment to section 10.4.9. of the Chapter on Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) was also adopted. The amendments address Member concerns regarding the period of basic biosecurity conditions (BBC) and targeted surveillance (TS) period.
• The last Code amendment pertains to the alignment of viral names of pathogens to the taxonomy directed by the International Commission of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). This led to an exchange of Members’ views on the deletion or re-introduction of the HPR and HPR0 designations for ISAV.
• The same amendments were made to the Manual, leading to the same discussions regarding ISAV but also ‘infectious’ Decapod iridescent virus(DIV1). Of the 18 listed WOAH viral pathogenic agents, 12 needed to be updated.
• Likewise, the Manual Chapter on astaci was amended in respect of the above susceptible species.
• The proposed Case definitions for Chapter 2.4.5. on P. marinus, Chapter 2.4.6. on olseni and chapter 2.4.7. on X. californiensis were labelled “under study” awaiting clarity on the definition of a confirmes case, based either on apparently healthy animals, as opposed to clinically affected animals.

Finally the Commission introduced a motion for the accreditation of a new Reference Laboratory for Crayfish plague (A. astaci) at the NVI in Norway, bringing the number of “aquatic” Reference Laboratories to 40, for 28 diseases, with in addition 6 Collaborating Centres.

The President of the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission (TAHSC), Dr Etienne Bonbon (France) introduced the activities of the Commission over the past year (two meetings and several online exchanges, as well as the pre-GS webinars for Members) and then presented a total of 10 draft terrestrial code texts and 13 annexes (either new or revised) for adoption, some disease related, others related to products, animal welfare or antimicrobial resistance. The African Member of the six member TAHSC is Prof Salah Hammami (Tunisia).

As in previous years, the Code Commission’s work programme in 2025 and 2026 has been characterised by strong coordination across Specialist Commissions, Ad Hoc Groups (AHG), and with international experts. The report highlighted the intensity of the annual workload, but also the need for greater participation from Members, and the importance of nominating national experts to strengthen AHG — an especially relevant point for Africa, where technical representation would appear to remain limited. Several components of the programme directly addressed African priorities, including the revision of chapters on surveillance, zoning, emergency management, antimicrobial resistance, and transboundary animal diseases that heavily affect the continent. Africa is also engaged in the development of Case Definitions, a critical element for improving disease notification and transparency, which remains a key challenge for African Veterinary Services. The Commission stressed the need for all Members—including African Members—to actively comment on draft standards and fully appropriate the normative tools, noting that “robust standards require substantial scientific and institutional investment”, as stated by the Commission President.

The details of the proposed Terrestrial Code texts and 13 annexes are available here and are briefly discussed below :

• Chapter 4.X. Biosecurity. This is a new Chapter (4.X.) which has been developed to include guidance with clear recommendations on biosecurity, general principles for implementation regarding roles and responsibilities, sources, pathways and components. Following limited comments by Ireland (on behalf of the 27 Members of the EU) and Thailand, the proposal was adopted by consensus.

• Chapters 5.4 to 5.7 – Measures and procedures applicable to the exportation (5.4.) / transit (5.5) / importation (5.6.) of commodities, and Border inspection posts and quarantine centres (5.7.). These Chapters have been revised to clarify management of the risks associated with the introduction of diseases through the international trade or movements of commodities. The revised chapters include general principles for measures and procedures that are applicable when exporting, transit or importing, as well as applicable for border inspection posts and quarantine centres. Following limited comments by Thailand, Hungary (on behalf of the 27 Members of the EU) and Kenya (on behalf of the 54 Members of African Union), the proposal was adopted by consensus. Kenya was requested to submit written explanation and justification for further discussion during the September 2026 meeting.

• Article 7.5.30 of Chapter 7.5 – Animal welfare during slaughter has been revised to update the points that had been left [“under study”] such as parameters for electrical water-bath stunning for poultry. Following limited comments by Thailand, China, New Zealand, the UK, Bahrein, Ireland (on behalf of the 27 Members of the EU) and Norway (on behalf of Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Iceland and Norway, the European Free-Trade Association, EFTA), the proposal was adopted with abstentions from the P.R. China, New Zealand,  and Thailand).

• Articles 8.8.3, 8.8.4, 8.8.8 of Chapter 8.8 (Infection with Foot-and-mouth disease virus) have been revised to harmonise the provisions for official recognition and maintenance of free status, and endorsement and maintenance of official control programmes (OCP) with other disease-specific chapters with official recognition of status. Following numerous interventions by Members, including the EU block, mainly on the issue of proportionality and sustainability of the annual “maintenance” of status, the said Articles were adopted, but with 33 Members abstaining.

• Articles 15.2.3 and 15.2.5 of Chapter 15.2. Infection with classical swine fever virus were scrutinised by the same Members, on the same grounds as for the FMD Articles, and therefore the said Articles were adopted, but with 33 Members abstaining.

• Chapter 8.20 – Infection with Francisella tularensis (Tularemia). The Chapter was revised in Article 8.20.1. ‘General provisions’, including a definition of its occurrence and animal hosts, to provide Members with precise definitions to fulfil their notification obligations. In addition, a new Article 8.20.2bis ‘Recovery of free status’ was added. The revised Article 8.20.1. was drafted by the Code Commission based on a Case Definition drafted by subject-matter experts that had been reviewed by the Scientific Commission. Following limited comments by the US, the Chapter was adopted by consensus

• Chapter 8.X – Infection with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Following the earlier listing of the disease, this is a new Chapter (hence : X), developed to include a single Article 8.X.1. ‘General provisions’, including a definition of its occurrence and animal hosts, to provide Members with precise definition to fulfil their notification obligations. The new chapter was drafted by the Code Commission based on a case definition drafted by subject-matter experts that had been reviewed by the Scientific Commission. Following limited comments by Senegal (on behalf of the 54 Members of African Union) on the public health focus, the Chapter was adopted by consensus.

• Chapter 10.X – Infection with avian metapneumovirus (Turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome of chickens) Following the earlier listing of the disease, a new Chapter 10.X. was developed to include a single Article 10.X.1. ‘General provisions’, including a definition of its occurrence and animal hosts, to provide Members with precise definition to fulfil their notification obligations. The new chapter was drafted by the Code Commission based on a case definition drafted by subject-matter experts that had been reviewed by the Scientific Commission.
• Glossary. Following the earlier adoption of the new Chapter 4.X. Biosecurity (see above), the glossary definitions were aligned in consequence.
• Chapter 1.3 – Diseases, infections and infestations listed by WOAH, following the adoption of the above Chapters, some diseases were either added or renamed : Infection with Francisella tularensis (Tularemia), Infection with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus,  Infection with avian metapneumovirus (Turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome of chickens), or de-listed : Nairobi sheep disease. 

The WOAH Delegate from Sudan expressed appreciation for the WOAH Terrestrial Standards and Code, noting their role in strengthening disease prevention and control, enhancing surveillance, and facilitating the safe trade of animals and animal products. Sudan has significant potential for exporting livestock to other Members and remains committed to this goal. However, the Sudan requires support for preparedness against threats such as Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). The Delegate emphasised the importance of capacity building, strengthening laboratory infrastructure, promoting technology transfer, and establishing sustainable financing mechanisms. This point was reiterated by the Minister during the bilateral meeting with the Director General.

Dr Cristóbal Zepeda, President of the Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (SCAD) presented the report of the activities for the year 2025-2026. The report included recommendations for the recognition of disease-free status and endorsements of control programmes for specific countries. The details of the Commission report are available here and here.  In his report, the President gave some overarching updates to the Delegates on the following points:

• Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD): The current Global Strategy for FMD Control is lapsing and the revision of the Strategy by the FMD Working Group is currently underway. A new FMD Global Strategy will be ready for launching by the end of 2027.
• Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): Significant progress towards PPR eradication was noted, with a special mention for the PPR eradication in Africa, led by the AU-IBAR, through the Pan-African PPR Secretariat (PAPS), with partners FAO, WOAH and PANVAC, was acknowledged.
• Avian influenza (AI): The implementation of the Global strategy for the prevention and control of high pathogenicity avian influenza (2024-2033) which was launched in 2025, is now underway. In 2025, efforts centred on global and regional meetings to sensitise Members on the said Global strategy. The focus going forward is to encourage Members to adopt the Global strategy and integrate it into national control strategies, and strengthen the One Health approach. Also, a case definition has been published by the SCAD and the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission on the notification of Influenza A virus infection in bovines and it was emphasised that AI in bovines (cattle) is now a WOAH-listed and notifiable disease. Finally, Guidelines for Surveillance of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza for Smallholder Poultry Systems in Resource-Limited Settings are now available (2026) https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2026/01/2026-guidelines–hp-avian-influenza-surveillance-en.pdf, along with the 2023 Policy brief on Avian influenza vaccination: why it should not be a barrier to safe trade : https://rr-africa.woah.org/app/uploads/2023/12/en-woah-policybrief-avianinfluenzavaccinationandtrade.pdf
• Rabies (dog-mediated): The elimination goal of human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by the year 2023 is still on. The strong partnerships and coordination between stakeholders especially under the United Against Rabies Forum (UAR) and RABLAB frameworks (e.g. SADC Rabies Laboratory Network (RABLAB) Meeting conducted to Strengthen Rabies Surveillance) were acknowledged. A global partnership map is now published. The SCAD is monitoring progress on the goal of elimination, using the recently published Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework. New guidance on Lateral flow devices (LFTs) are also available (woah-rablab-v4-sr.pdf) , as well as new guidance for Methodologies for dog population estimation ( pdf)
• African swine fever (ASF): Standing group of experts have been established in all regions, noting that the 4^th Global Coordination Committee (GCC), chaired by Africa (AU-IBAR) was held on the sidelines of the 93^rd General Session (see below, under “side-meetings”). Draft guidelines are being developed on wildlife–livestock transmission and vaccine field evaluation.

On the important matter of official disease status recognition, the following African countries were assessed against standard-operating-procedures:

• Rabies: Malawi and Zimbabwe were proposed for recognition as new endorsement of official programmes.
• No other countries in Africa were granted disease freedom status, whether national or zonal, with or without vaccination.

Annual reconfirmations of official status:  The President of the Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (SCAD) noted the objections of no less than 33 Members to the burden of annual reconfirmation, as voiced during the preceding session of the Terrestrial Code Commission. He announced that a new streamlined methodology was being piloted for FMD. Members were invited to register interest to trial the new procedure and provide feedback. Meanwhile – the President insisted – Members should observe compliance to the maintenance of disease status, failing which penalties could apply.

Submission deadlines for status dossiers fall between 29 July and 18 September 2026, depending on the disease.

Interventions from the floor to the SCAD report (of importance to Africa) included the fact that Members welcomed the streamlining of the procedures for annual reconfirmation of disease status by Members, while keeping the process thorough and credible. It was also recommended to centralise all the information on the process of official status recognition into one chapter, applicable to all diseases, in order to make them more accessible to Members.

Prof. Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann (Côte d’Ivoire), President of the Biological Standards Commission (BSC), presented the annual activity report

He provided an overview of the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals texts proposed for adoption, 17 chapters, all of which were adopted without objection or abstention. The details of the report are available here.

• Chapter 1.1.2. Collection, submission and storage of diagnostic specimens. The revised Chapter 1.1.2. includes the lightly revised Appendix 1.1.2.2. ‘Specimen storage methods and their diagnostic suitability’ and clarification on the use of words such as “sample” and “specimen”.
• Chapter 1.1.3. Transport of biological materials. Mainly pertaining to samples/specimen of Category A.

Moving to the disease specific section of the Manual, the following chapters were amended :

• Chapter 3.1.8. Foot and mouth disease (infection with foot and mouth disease virus) pertaining to technical appendices only.
• Chapter 3.1.11. Leishmaniosis, adopted in 2021. Proposed changes reflect the increasing incidence of Leishmaniosis in cats and non-vector transmission in dogs.
• Chapter 3.1.17. Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease). Revisions aim to reflect the extended host range, over and above ruminants, as well as differential diagnosis issues with Bovine tuberculosis.
• Chapter 3.3.3. Avian infectious laryngotracheitis , pertaining to a name change to Infection with Gallid Alphaherpes virus 1, as well as additional guidance on molecular techniques and vaccine production.
• Chapter 3.3.5. Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae) now includes information on environmental factors increasing the number of lesions, further guidance on RT-PCR, swabs and embryo and tissue samples and dealing with mutations when dealing with specific primers (PCR).
• Chapter 3.3.7. Fowl typhoid and Pullorum disease deals with the distinction between Salmonella gallinarum biovars and pullorum biovars, despite being part of the same serovar, and with the increasing reporting of antimicrobial resistance in these bacteria. Additional information is also provided on liquid enhancement and selective media.
• Chapter 3.4.4. Bovine genital campylobacteriosis’ amendments are limited to a footnote on the purpose of culture in view of herd testing (specificity and sensitivity) as well as provisions in respect of fetus and C. jujuni.
• Chapter 3.4.10. Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida serotypes 6:b and 6:e) provides further guidance on molecular techniques (PCR and LAMP), as well as ELISA methodologies
• Chapter 3.4.11. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis provides more information on the specialised indirect milk ELISAs, the stability of the virus and ways to inactivate the virus and molecular techniques (PCR), (negative) herd testing and emerging rapid diagnostics.
• The Chapter 3.5.1. Camelpox contains only minimal amendments.
• Chapter 3.6.4. on Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western and Venezuelan) adds information on the differences between the viruses, their distribution, reservoirs, vectors and pathogenicity, including guidance on biosecurity. Note that neither disease is reported from Africa.
• Chapter 3.6.6. Equine influenza (infection with equine influenza virus) was extensively reviewed and now provides information on vaccines based on recombinant canary pox virus expressing the HA gene, which have the additional advantage of being able to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).
• Chapter 3.6.10. Glanders and melioidosis. A recombinant double antigen ELISA is now recommended for the demonstration of freedom from infection prior to movement, whereas PCR remains recommended for the confirmation of clinical cases.
• Chapter 3.8.3. Contagious agalactia’s disease description has been updated, including not only Mycoplasma agalactiae, but also other Mycoplasma spp (Mmc, Mcc and Mp), along with epidemiological information on reservoirs in small ruminants and intermittent shedding in milk, along with evidence of virus circulation in camelids.
• Changes to Chapter 3.10.2. Cysticercosis (including infection with Taenia solium) focus on the differentiation by molecular techniques of morphologically similar eggs of Taenia and Echinococcus spp.

All these Chapters were adopted, without comments, by consensus.

The WOAH Capacity Building Department hosted a side event to mark 20 years of the Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway. Moderated by Head of Department, Ms. Barbara Alessandrini and Ms. Jennifer Lasley, PVS Senior Coordinator, a panel brought together nine panellists, amongst whom (from Africa) Dr Mary N. Mbole-Kariuki, Animal Health Unit Coordinator, African Union (AU-IBAR), Dr Benezeth Lutege Malinda, WOAH Delegate, Tanzania. Dr Baba Soumaré, WOAH Deputy Director General, also intervened.

Of the 49 PVS beneficiary Members surveyed, 82% implemented the PVS recommendations, 66% enhanced their capacity following two or more evaluations, and 52% expanded their financial resources. Nevertheless, half of all recommendations received no funding, and a mere four Member countries attained a level-of-advancement level 3 (out of 5) across all critical competencies. Ms. Alessandrini proposed a new strategic framework structured around three pillars: Capacity, Collaboration and Capital.

Zooming in on the perspectives of Members, panellists detailed how PVS recommendations facilitated a thorough reform of governance, laboratories, and veterinary workforce training, whereas the Tanzania Delegate reported an 18-fold increase in the veterinary budget, rising from USD 1.9 million to USD 35.3 million between 2024 and 2027; directly attributed to the PVS evaluation report. At the regional level, AU-IBAR explained how PVS data served as the basis for the African Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Forum and assisted in securing USD 40 million from the Pandemic Fund. In a similar manner, Ms. Mesenhowski (Gates Foundation) reinforced this point from the viewpoint of a donor, emphasising that all investments should henceforth demonstrate measurable returns through rigorous metrics; this serves to underscore that the PVS is currently recognised by major financing partners as both a foundational reference and an effective advocacy tool for WOAH Delegates. Shifting to innovation, a presentation demonstrated how the Training Need Explorer facilitates targeted training across 20 African countries, while more than 250 reports having been analysed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) to identify latent learning needs.  Dr Javier Yugueros – Marcos (Head of the WOAH Veterinary Products and Drug Resistance Department) confirmed the utility of PVS data for addressing antimicrobial resistance within the Organisation. Finally, it was noted that veterinary students possess motivation but require practical training, mentorship, and wellbeing support, while maintained that community-based models necessitate robust institutions and a One Health approach to achieve a lasting impact. During the Q&A session, participants inquired regarding future veterinary competencies, provided favourable feedback concerning follow-up missions, and the moderator noted that a member consultation is currently in progress to establish the programme’s priorities for the next five years.

In the end, five strategic priorities were identified:

• demonstrating return on investment utilizing PVSIS data;
• investing in practical training and mentorship for the next generation;
• developing public-private partnerships at national and regional levels;
• harnessing AI and technology for monitoring and training; and
• maintaining data transparency as the foundation of the PVS programme.

This side event, organised by the WOAH One Health Department, focused on the strategic importance of investing in animal health and animal welfare and on translating international standards into concrete actions and sustainable investments. In her opening remarks, Dr. Chadia Wannous, Head of the WOAH One Health Department, emphasised that investing in animal welfare is no longer an optional consideration but a strategic necessity. She highlighted that animal welfare is now fully integrated within the One Health Department, reflecting WOAH’s recognition of the close interconnections between animal health, animal welfare, human well-being, environmental sustainability, and resilient food systems. Panelists included representatives from countries (Brazil), the European Commission, industry associations (IMS), development banks (IFC) and NGOs (Humane World for Animals). Key take-aways from the discussion were that :

• Improving animal welfare contributes directly to improved productivity, better animal performance, and enhanced product quality.
• Animal welfare should not be viewed solely through an economic lens; it is also essential for building resilient livestock production systems capable of supporting future generations. This includes adaptation to climate change and contribute to the sustainability of livestock value chains.
• Investments in animal welfare must be long-term, sustainable, and embedded within broader development strategies, as well integrated into legislation, policies, operational procedures, and national strategies;
• Stress and poor housing conditions negatively affect animal health, welfare, and production outcomes, ultimately reducing product quality and economic performance. Promoting good husbandry practices at farm level, alongside supportive public policies, is essential for improving welfare outcomes.
• Animal welfare standards should become routine practices across production systems, moving beyond compliance requirements and becoming part of everyday livestock management.
• Economic returns should be considered a consequence of good welfare practices rather than the sole motivation for action.
• Innovation can play a key role in advancing animal welfare when welfare considerations are integrated into the design of technologies, production systems, and management approaches.
• Consumer expectations regarding the ethical treatment of animals continue to grow, making animal welfare increasingly important for market access, product reputation, and consumer confidence. Investments in infrastructure, equipment, housing conditions, and animal management practices contribute to long-term profitability while strengthening trust and credibility with consumers.
• Animal welfare is also an important consideration in international trade, influencing import and export requirements and market competitiveness.

The discussion also highlighted the central role of WOAH in advancing animal welfare globally. Through the development of international standards, scientific expertise, capacity-building programmes, evidence generation, and support to Members, WOAH enables countries to make science-based decisions and implement effective animal welfare policies and practices. The session concluded that investing in animal welfare is fundamentally an investment in sustainable livestock systems, resilient economies, responsible production, consumer confidence, and the broader One Health agenda. Moving from standards to implementation requires sustained commitment, strategic investment, and collaboration among governments, producers, the private sector, academia, and international partners.

The “Investing to End Rabies” session highlighted global progress while underscoring the persistent challenges that remain particularly acute for Africa. Opening the discussion, Dr. Baba Soumare, WOAH Deputy Director General, emphasised that rabies is “one of the clearest examples of One Health in action”, demonstrating how targeted investment in dog vaccination, surveillance, and multisectoral coordination can rapidly accelerate progress. The most strategic intervention for Africa came from the African Union’s Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR), which took the opportunity to reiterate the African Union’s to ending dog-mediated rabies in humans by 2030. Speaking during the round table meeting on “Mobilising Investments for dog-mediated Rabies Elimination: country experiences and partner perspectives”, AU-IBAR’s Director, Dr Huyam Salih, highlighted the newly endorsed “Pan-African Strategy for the Elimination of Rabies in Africa 2026 – 2030”, a vital tool for coordinated action, harmonised implementation and resource mobilisation. Dr Salih emphasised the need to align investments with country activities, ongoing projects, existing coordination mechanisms and partnerships. She also noted that AU-IBAR’s Animal Resources Information System and the African Union Digital One Health Platform will support evidence-based decision-making, coordination and monitoring of rabies elimination efforts. With strong returns on investment and available tools, rabies elimination is both achievable and urgent.

Access the Pan-African Strategy for the Elimination of Rabies in Africa (PASERA) 2026–2030 here: https://lnkd.in/epi7cM-6

The session further showcased replicable models—such as Bhutan’s wholeofnation approach—illustrating how political leadership, community engagement, and sustainable financing can drive elimination efforts. Technical partners, including GIZ, reiterated that Africa already possesses strategies, tools, and platforms; the real challenge is ensuring that rabies becomes a national priority, since “a country cannot progress if it continues to lose lives to rabies.”

The meeting was chaired by Dr Huyam Salih (Director, African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, AU-IBAR), President of the RSC of GF-TADs for Africa and co-chaired by Dr Gregorio Torres, Head of Department of the WOAH Science and Disease Management Department, and Dr Madhur Dhingra, Head of the Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES) at FAO.

An overview of the progress and achievements of the Global Initiative (GI) over the past five years (2020–2025) was presented by Madhur Dhingra. An update on the revised GI was provided by Gregorio Torres. The revised Global Initiative reflects the evolving social and economic impact and adopts a more dynamic approach. It places strong emphasis on national ownership, as well as improved integration and alignment at the regional level. The updated framework also clearly defines the spheres of control, influence, and interest, helping to better structure efforts and guide implementation. The mechanism aims to enhance coordination at the global level with broader inclusivity, strengthen evidence-based decision-making, and maximise strategic impact. The GI also focuses on promoting sustainability, building capacity, and ensuring equity in the implementation of activities.

Across regions, Members reported both progress and persistent challenges. Improvements were noted in governance, surveillance systems, laboratory capacity, and regional coordination. However, ASF continues to pose a major global threat, with endemic circulation in several regions, ongoing risks linked to wild boar and human-mediated spread, and the absence of a safe and effective vaccine. Constraints such as limited resources, gaps in reporting, low biosecurity—particularly in smallholder systems—and insufficient transparency in some contexts remain key concerns.

Looking ahead, regions identified priority actions including strengthening surveillance and early detection, enhancing biosecurity across value chains, improving emergency preparedness and response, and reinforcing cross-border coordination. There was also strong emphasis on adopting a long-term, risk management approach, integrating ASF control into broader livestock development strategies, and promoting behaviour-based risk communication. Sustained investment in Veterinary Services, laboratory systems, and digital reporting tools, alongside support for capacity building and regional cooperation, was highlighted as essential for effective prevention and control.

Africa – through the statements of  Pr. James Wabacha of AU-IBAR – highlighted that while significant progress has been made in strengthening regional coordination, political commitment, and technical capacity for ASF control, the disease remains endemic and continues to pose a persistent, systemic challenge. The region emphasised the need to move beyond short-term emergency responses towards a long-term, risk-based approach that integrates ASF management into broader livestock development and food security strategies. This includes strengthening governance, improving surveillance and reporting, enhancing biosecurity across the value chain, particularly in smallholder systems and addressing behavioural and socio-economic drivers of disease spread. Sustained investment, stronger Veterinary Services, and regional collaboration are essential to build resilience and reduce the long-term impact of ASF.

In closing, participants underscored the importance of enhanced stakeholder collaboration and broader engagement to advance implementation of the Global Initiative. Appreciation was expressed to the Chair, Huyam Salih, for her leadership of the session, and to all partners and Members for their continued commitment to tackling ASF globally.

The side-event was introduced by Dr Javier Yugueros Marcos, Head of the WOAH Veterinary Products and Drug Resistance Department, followed by opening remarks from Dr Emmanuelle Soubeyran, WOAH Director General. In her address, Dr Soubeyran highlighted that vaccination remains one of the most effective tools available for preventing and controlling animal diseases. She reminded the audience that veterinary vaccines and vaccination were the technical focus of the previous General Session and emphasised the need to move beyond the adoption of standards towards their effective implementation in the field.

Executive Director of Health-for-Animals , Dr Carel du Marchie Sarvaas. Picture © M. Tic (woah) 2026

Dr Javier Yugueros – Marcos explained that the PREVENT Forum is intended to operationalise the commitments made under WOAH Resolution No. 29 of 2025 and to follow up on the recommendations emerging from previous discussions on veterinary vaccines and vaccination. The Forum will provide a permanent mechanism for dialogue, evidence generation and collective action aimed at improving vaccination strategies globally. The Forum’s work will focus on seven priority areas (or challenges) reflected in its acronym:

• P – Planning
• R – Regulatory pathways
• E – Economic evidence
• V – Vaccine access
• E – Equity
• N – National strategies
• T – Trade

Indeed, these thematic areas correspond to key hurdles that require stronger collaboration between public and private stakeholders to improve vaccination outcomes worldwide. The Executive Director of HealthforAnimals , Dr Carel du Marchie Sarvaas, presented the private sector perspective and highlighted vaccination as one of the greatest success stories in animal health, recalling the eradication of Rinderpest, the first animal disease ever eradicated worldwide through coordinated vaccination and disease control efforts. The speaker stressed that vaccination remains among the most effective and cost-efficient disease prevention tools available. However, despite its proven benefits, vaccine coverage remains insufficient for many animal diseases globally. Emerging challenges such as vector-borne diseases, transboundary animal diseases and evolving disease patterns require stronger investment in prevention and vaccination programmes.

Dr Carel du Marchie Sarvaas emphasised that increased private sector engagement is no longer optional but essential. WOAH is recognised as a uniquely positioned organisation to facilitate such collaboration through its global network, technical expertise and credibility. The objective is to transform partnerships into a practical framework that enables all stakeholders to work together effectively toward common prevention goals.

As part of the session on Country Perspectives, Dr Botlhe Michael Modisane, WOAH Delegate and outgoing Chair of the Governance Review Committee (Republic of South Africa) discussed current experiences in the management of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and emphasised the role of vaccination in protecting animal populations and reducing the economic impact of outbreaks. The intervention also highlighted broader benefits of vaccination, including:

• Reduced disease burden in livestock populations;
• Improved productivity and farm profitability;
• Enhanced food security;
• Reduced reliance on antimicrobials;
• Contribution to efforts against AMR.

The new VMRA-SAT (self-assessment tool), developed by the UK’S Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) for Veterinary Medicines (national) Regulatory Agencies, was presented as an innovative mechanism to strengthen veterinary medicines regulatory systems. Discussions highlighted major challenges faced by countries, including antimicrobial resistance, falsified veterinary products, and regulatory gaps. Speakers emphasised the importance of having strong regulatory systems to ensure safe, effective, and quality veterinary medicines. Veterinary regulation was presented as a key pillar for animal health, public health, and food safety. Participants stressed the need to adapt national legislation to each country’s realities and needs.

Dr Montserrat Arroyo, WOAH Deputy Director General for Standard Setting and Implementation,  described the initiative as one of the major collaborations between WOAH and the UK teams. The tool promotes a progressive approach based on self-assessment and continuous improvement.

Participants were also sensitised to the importance of transparency, regulatory harmonisation, and experience sharing among countries. Presenters clarified that VMRA-SAT complements existing veterinary medicines regulatory tools and frameworks already implemented in Africa rather than replacing them. Finally, the tool contributes to strengthening veterinary governance within the One Health framework.

The side event held on 20 May marked the closure of the P3V Project,  funded by the French Development Agency, AFD  and implemented by WOAH in partnership with the FAR (Formation Agricole et Rurale) Network and the Dakar-based Inter-State School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar, EISMV).  The event provided an opportunity to present the Project’s objectives, results, and impacts in the pilot countries: Senegal, Benin, and Togo. Major achievements included improvements in regulatory frameworks, revision of training curricula, and enhanced professional integration of veterinary paraprofessionals (VPPs), particularly young people and women. A panel discussion highlighted the positive perception of beneficiaries regarding the support received. The case of Togo was especially commended, as the country moved from a legal vacuum to the official legal recognition of VPPs.

Local technical partners, notably VSF Suisse in Togo and The Brooke in Senegal, also shared the results of their contributions and reaffirmed their commitment to supporting the sustainability of the Project’s achievements in the participating countries. The Project team further explored lessons learned, challenges, and best practices through a lessons-learned-toolkit available online.  In addition, a comprehensive mapping of the VPP situation was conducted to facilitate the transferability of Project achievements to seven other West and Central African countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Niger. Representatives from country delegations such as Chad and Madagascar also expressed strong interest in the Project.

In his remarks, Dr Baba Soumaré, WOAH Deputy Director General for Global Frameworks and Capacity-Building, called on WOAH development partners to further support the scaling up of the Project, highlighting its concrete results and its relevance in addressing Africa’s challenges.

Opened by Dr Emmanuelle Soubeyran (WOAH Director General) and moderated by Dr Chadia Wannous (WOAH), this side event brought together experts from The Nature Conservancy/OHHLEP, IZS Teramo and ILRI to examine the implications of climate change for animal health through a One Health lens.

The session centred on the presentation of the WOAH position paper on climate change and animal health, developed through extensive consultation across relevant communities of practice. Discussions highlighted that climate change is an increasingly significant driver of animal health risks, with both direct effects—including heat stress and increased mortality—and indirect effects, such as the expansion of vectors and the emergence or spread of transboundary diseases.

Speakers emphasised that these impacts are unevenly distributed, with smallholder farmers—particularly women—being disproportionately affected. Beyond animal health, these dynamics have broader implications for livelihoods, food security and poverty, reinforcing the need for targeted and inclusive responses.

The session also underscored the limited allocation of climate finance to agriculture, and the particularly low share directed toward animal health. In this context, participants highlighted the dual role of animal health as both a mitigation and adaptation lever, noting that healthier animals contribute to lower emissions while strengthening resilience of production systems.

The WOAH position paper outlines five strategic priorities:

• integrating animal health into national climate policies,
• strengthening Veterinary Services as critical infrastructure,
• improving data alignment between health and climate systems,
• enhancing coordination within the One Health framework, and
• promoting climate-smart livestock systems, with particular attention to vulnerable populations.

Across these priorities, access to climate finance was identified as a key enabling factor.

The panel discussion illustrated these priorities through practical examples, including the use of Earth observation data to support targeted surveillance of vector-borne diseases, demonstrating the value of integrated, data-driven approaches. Participants also emphasised the importance of aligning global frameworks with Members’ needs, noting that recent consultations confirmed strong demand for the guidance provided by the position paper.

Overall, the session highlighted that climate change is already reshaping animal health systems, and that animal health remains an under-recognised but critical entry point for climate action. Strengthening Veterinary Services, enhancing cross-sector collaboration and mobilizing adequate financing were identified as key priorities to support more resilient and sustainable food systems within a One Health framework.

The side event dedicated to the new WOAH Animal Movement Framework presented a conceptual tool designed to support Members in developing context‑appropriate systems for controlling animal movements, particularly to limit the spread of transboundary animal diseases. The framework, which is non‑prescriptive, provides a common language, seven analytical modules and a stepwise methodology to assess risks, map movement pathways, design proportionate measures and avoid unintended consequences such as shifts toward informal channels. Discussions highlighted the importance of inter‑institutional cooperation —Veterinary Services, customs, law enforcement, transporters— as well as the critical role of operational traceability and digitalisation, while acknowledging major challenges faced by many countries, including limited connectivity, fragmented systems and insufficient human resources.

These issues are especially relevant for Africa, where cross‑border livestock movements are extensive, often informal, and central to pastoral livelihoods. The framework therefore offers a strategic opportunity for African Members to strengthen surveillance, risk management, targeted border controls and regional harmonisation, particularly in Sahelian and transboundary zones. WOAH plans to support this process through regional workshops, which will be essential to translate the framework into operational plans adapted to African realities and to reinforce existing continental initiatives, such as strategies for transboundary disease control and digital integration efforts. Overall, the session underscored that Africa stands to gain significantly from this framework to modernise animal movement control systems, enhance health system resilience and reinforce regional cooperation.

The GEDSI side event organised by WOAH and the Gender and Inclusion Task Force (GITF) highlighted the importance of gender equality, diversity, and social inclusion within Veterinary Services. Speakers emphasised that technical solutions alone are not sufficient to address gender-related challenges. The GEDSI approach is now integrated into the 8^th Strategic Plan of WOAH as well as into the PVS process. Several initiatives were presented, including studies conducted in Asia and West Africa, training sessions on gender issues and harassment prevention, and competitions involving students. Côte d’Ivoire shared its experience with the establishment of a Gender Unit within the Ministry of Animal and Fisheries Resources (MIRAH) and the support provided to women fish traders in Locodjro. Discussions also highlighted challenges related to access to finance and loan repayment. Participants stressed the importance of close support and capacity building. The side event aimed to move from theory to practice by sharing experiences, achievements, and challenges encountered in implementing GEDSI approaches. The session concluded with a strong message from the representatives of the United Arab Emirates “No nation can progress without empowering women”

Moderated by Dr Paolo Tizzani (WOAH Data Integration and Analysis Department, DIAD), this side event brought together representatives from Canada (WOAH Delegate, Dr. Mary Jane Ireland), IZS Teramo (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale”, Italy) and INRAE  (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, France) to explore how foresight, horizon scanning and epidemic intelligence can strengthen risk monitoring, early warning and preparedness in animal health systems.

The session aimed to clarify key concepts related to epidemic intelligence, forecasting and horizon scanning, while highlighting available tools and approaches, and outlining how WOAH and its network of partners can support Members. Discussions emphasised that effective foresight requires formalised and coordinated mechanisms, enabling timely risk detection, improved information sharing, and a balance between immediate response needs and long-term strategic planning.

Participants highlighted several opportunities associated with strengthened foresight capacities, including data-driven decision-making, sustained collaboration across institutions, effective use of expert networks and enhanced horizon scanning capabilities to anticipate emerging risks.

Country and institutional experiences illustrated how these approaches are being implemented in practice. France shared its experience with a national animal health surveillance platform, integrating multiple systems and combining indicator-based and event-based surveillance to support epidemic intelligence. IZS Teramo presented a surveillance initiative in North Africa based on Earth observation data (PROVNA project), which supports the identification of risk patterns linked to environmental and climatic factors. Future work will focus on scaling this approach through eco-regionalisation and strengthening regional data use.

The discussion also highlighted practical applications of these tools in supporting WOAH’s epidemic intelligence framework, including contributions to rapid risk assessment, improved early warning systems and more effective risk communication.

Overall, the session underscored that foresight, horizon scanning and epidemic intelligence are critical components of resilient animal health systems, requiring sustained investment, strengthened coordination and integration of diverse data sources to anticipate and manage emerging risks.